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Canada

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CANADA

Official name. Canada.

Status. An independent federative state, a member of the Commonwealth, headed by the Queen of GB.

Area. 9,976,000 sq. km (3,851,790 sq. mi).

Population. 30,1 mln

Nationality. Canadian.

Ethnic composition.

• About 40% are people of British origin.

• 30% are people of French origin.

• 1% are Indians and Eskimos.

• European minorities (Irish, German, Ukrainian, Scandinavian, Italian, Dutch, Polish).

The “Open Door” policy of immigration which began in the 1890s has meant that Canada’s population is varied.

Language. English, French are both official languages. 20% of the population speak only French, while 13% speak both French and English.

Religion. Roman Catholics 46%, Protestants 41%.

Education. Literacy: 99%.

Canada has about 50 universities. Among them are:

- New Brunswick (Fredericton, 1785),

- Dalhousie (Halifax, 1818),

- McGill (Montreal, 1821),

- Toronto (1827),

- Laval (Quebec, 1852) – French language university,

- Montreal (1876) – French language university.

Capital. Ottawa (920,800).

Currency. Dollar.

Location.

• Is situated in the north of North America continent.

• Is the 2nd world’s largest country.

• Is bordered by the USA.

• Its only neighbour is the USA.

• Is washed by the Arctic Ocean in the North, by the Atlantic Ocean in the East, by the Pacific Ocean in the West.

• Is about 7,730 km from east to west.

• Shares with the USA 7 of the world’s largest lakes.

• Contains 3 of the globe’s longest 20 rivers.

• Is blessed with the most fresh water of any country.

Topography.

Canada can be divided into 7 geographic regions:

1. The Appalachian Region, the far eastern area (Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, the part of Quebec south of the St. Lawrence River), is hilly and wooded.

2. The St. Lawrence – Great Lakes Lowland (between Quebec City and Windsor, Ontario) includes most of the country’s large cities and towns. Half (1/2) of Canada’s people live here.

3. The Hudson Bay and Arctic Lowlands. This land is mainly flat, bog, little inhabited.

4. The Canadian Shield (Precambrian) formed 2,5 billion years ago (northern Manitoba, Quebec, Ontario, across Labrador to the northern edge of Alberta) is an ancient, rocky region with rivers, lake-filled timberland. It’s rugged, cool and little developed.

5. The Great Plains (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, parts of Alberta) is a huge, flat region responsible for Canada’s wheat crop.

6. Western Cordillera Region ( British Columbia, the Yukon, parts of Alberta) combines the Rocky Mountains, the Coast Mountains, the Selkirks, Mount Logan (19,850 feet). Mountains dominate this region.

7. The Arctic Region is in the far north.

Rivers: - the St. Lawrence

- the Mackenzie

- the Saskatchewan

- the Columbia

- the Yukon.

Climate. Temperate, varies from freezing winter cold to blistering summer heat.

• The warmest area of Canada is along the US border.

• The warmest areas with the longest summers and the shortest winters are British Columbia’s South, central coast, southern Ontario around the Niagara Peninsula.

• July and August temperatures are + 20º Cs and few days + 30ºCs.

• The hottest summer temperature and the most sunshine is in Manitoba.

• The east and west coasts are wet.

• The prairies are dry.

• Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto can be humid in summer and damp in winter.

• Nights are cool all year round.

• January temperature is - 18º Cs.

• The further north the more snow.

Vegetation (flora).

There are 8 vegetation zones:

1. The Arctic tundra.

2. The boreal forest.

3. The Great Lakes – St. Lawrence River forest zone.

4. The Acadian forest.

5. The parkland zone.

6. Prairie grasslands.

7. The Rocky Mountain forest.

8. The Pacific Coast forest.

The sugar maple is one of Canada’s best known symbols and the leaf appears on the country’s flag. The sugar maples also produce edible maple syrup.

Wildlife (fauna).

Canada has abundant wildlife:

1. Bears (grizzly bear, brown bear, black bear, polar bear).

2. Beaver (a symbol, they say “as busy as a beaver”).

3. Buffalo / bison.

4. Wolf.

5. Coyote.

6. Deer (moose, caribou, elk).

7. Rocky mountain goat.

8. Lynx (a grey cat 90 cm long).

9. Skunk.

10. Birds.

11. Fish.

Render in English.

Территория Канады поистине огромна, по площади она занимает 1/12 земной суши и уступает только России. Её самую протяжённую в мире береговую линию омывают воды трёх океанов: на западе – Тихого, на востоке – Атлантического и на севере – Северного Ледовитого.

Граница Канады с США составляет почти 9 тыс. км и считается самой длинной неохраняемой границей в мире, а с Россией – самой короткой, поскольку представляет собой одну точку – Север-ный полюс.

Говоря о стране, канадцы любят цитировать знаменитую фразу бывшего премьер-министра Ка-нады Маккензи Кинга: «У нас слишком много географии и слишком мало истории…». На площа-ди 9,97 млн кв. км проживает 30,1 млн человек. На каждого канадца приходится по 30 га полей и лесов, гор и болот. На каждых семерых – по озеру. На каждую семью –по большому ручью.

Канаду в целом можно считать малонаселённым государством. Однако самые южные районы страны, которые занимают 5% территории, населяют 2/3 всех жителей. На севере и в средней час-ти страны есть огромные, почти необитаемые земли.

Природные условия Канады очень похожи на российские. Тундра простирается от Канадского Арктического архипелага до Атлантического побережья острова Ньюфаундленда. К югу от тунд-ры расположена обширная область тайги, идущая от реки Юкон и северо-западных территорий на восток через всю страну до Гудзонова залива и до залива Святого Лаврентия. Южнее находится район широколиственных лесов на востоке и почти полностью распаханных прерий на западе. Ти-хоокеанское побережье покрыто прекрасными хвойными лесами. Однако в Канаде по сравнению с Европейской Россией все природные зоны сдвинуты к югу, так как её восточные берега омывает холодное Лабрадорское течение. На широте Москвы в Канаде раскинута тундра. Монреаль и От-тава, находясь на широте Симферополя, имеют климат как в Москве. В Монреале можно видеть северное сияние. 70% территории Канады принято относить к районам Севера. Но самая южная её часть, особенно юг провинций Онтарио и Британская Колумбия, - благодатные места, где растут виноград, абрикосы, персики.

History of Canada

Date

People

Influences, results

25000 years ago From Asia across the Bering Strait People can be divided into 6 groups:

1. The arctic peoples (in the far north)  hunting.

2. The sub-arctic peoples (from Newfoundland to British Columbia)  hunting, fishing  the Beothuks.

3. The eastern woodlands tribes (Great Lakes, St. Lawrence River, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island)  agriculture  permanent settlements  the Iroquois.

4. The plains peoples (the prairies, from lake Winnipeg to Rocky Mountains)  hunting, fishing  the Cree, the Blackfoot.

5. The plateau peoples (British Columbia)  hunting, gathering.

6. The northwest peoples (from Vancouver to Alaska)  hunting, fishing  the Haida.

6000 years ago The Eskimos The Inuit (Eskimos)  hunting.

1000 AD The Vikings from Iceland and Green-land Occupied the eastern edge of Canada, founded Norman settlement which existed only 1 year.

1497 AD English seaman John Cabot Reached Newfoundland.

1534 AD

1535 AD French explorer Jacques Cartier – founder of Canada Discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Settled Kanata (a Huron-Iroquois word “village”) which gave the name to the whole country Canada.

1608 AD

1642 AD French explorer Champlain Established the first permanent settlements at Quebec (“where the river becomes narrow”).

Montreal.

1663 AD Canada became a province of France (60.000 French settlers).

1670 AD British Trade Company Hudson’s Bay Company (fur) occupied northern territories of the country  Ontario.

1713 AD

1717 AD The British Newfoundland were under

Nova Scotia British control.

1754 AD French-Indian War.

1756

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